CAFS IRP - Depression in youth - 5596 Words

Patrick burgess IRP Depression and its affects of youth Table of contents Abstract: 5 Acknowledgements: 7 Introduction: 8 Depression is a psychiatric disorder characterized by an inability to concentrate, insomnia, loss of appetite, feelings of extreme sadness, guilt, helplessness and hopelessness, and thoughts of death experienced by an individual for over two weeks and it affects the following needs listed in the Groups in Context unit. 8 Methods of data collection: 13 Results 15 For my third question â€Å"Do you know what depression is?† the vast majority (17 out of 20) of my respondents claimed to know what depression was, however, in my fourth question where respondents were asked to define depression, only 6 had a†¦show more content†¦26 I found in my questionnaire that the majority of people (14 out of 20) did not know the true meaning of depression and considered it to be just â€Å"feeling down† which tells me that the term is being over-used as being sad is very much more common than being clinically depressed, this information was not available in the secondary resources that I studied so therefore my secondary data did not support this aspect of my hypothesis. 26 My secondary data supported most of my primary data in the way that they both told me the same things except for my question as to wether the term depression was an over-used term, which I could not find a direct answer to at all, which I thought was surprising as there is an unbelievable amount of secondary information available on the subject of depression, however a lot of the information found from different sources is the same as each other, which proved to be quite time consuming to try and find different information. 28 I had many difficulties when completing my IRP which included peoples reluctance to complete my questionnaire, as well as the time it took for the questionnaires to be returned to me plus some of the questionnaires were not returned which meant that more had to be printed and I do not have a printer so I did

Motivation and the Brain - Eating Healthy Essay - 993 Words

Running head: HEALTHY EATING Healthy Eating University of Phoenix PSY 355 Stephanie Reyes March 29, 2011 Healthy Eating Eating right is essential for positive motivation and clear thinking. The brain, specifically the hypothalamus, along with the cerebral hemisphere works closely with physiological stimulation. This includes all five of our senses, specifically speaking, taste. Explaining the brain function associated with eating, I will discuss the influence of extrinsic and intrinsic factors, which will include heredity and involving the environment. In addition I will discuss the motivation need to succeed in eating healthy. The main function of the hypothalamus is homeostasis, or maintaining the bodys state†¦show more content†¦However, it is how we learn to eat, hereditarily speaking that gives us the tools to start out eating healthy from a young age or not. Lifelong food preference tends to start to develop while a baby is still in the mother’s womb. The strongest pattern for future food preferences is formed during the age of 9 to 19 months of age (Vera, 200 9). At this time, everything connected with food intake leaves a strong imprint on the child’s brain. Also, the baby is tasting everything with his or her mouth; toys, shoes, body parts, etc. Concurrently, the child is memorizing the experiences of his mother and fathers eating habits; what they are eating, what they are feeding the baby, their emotional reaction to the baby’s consumption of these foods all while the unsuspecting parents believe that the child does not comprehend much of what is going on. The reality is the child is forming food habits for a lifetime. Whatever the first tastes, textures, smells an sights of food are, that child will crave them for the rest of his or her life, especially in moments of distress. Because of this, it would appear that comfort food is not too far from the truth. This was often a time in a child’s life when their mom or dad focused much love and caring on them and purely through association finds its way into our adult lives when we feel emotionally distressed or needing comfort. Human behaviorShow MoreRelatedMotivation and the Brain1249 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Motivation and the Brain Paper Table of Contents Introduction: 3 Analyze the brain structures: 3 Brain functions: 4 Motivation to engage in eating healthy behavior: 5 Conclusion: 6 References: 8 Introduction: Motivation is a phenomenon in which the brain and physical function are involved through emotional and reflexes. It is a critical factor in learning, emotions, and success of an individual. It is also influenced by emotional state of a person as the evaluations and actions ofRead MoreHunger : The Hunger Of Hunger1327 Words   |  6 Pageseveryone enjoys food, it s what brings people together. Lets face it, humans are always looking for a reason to eat. 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The Basic Mechanisms of Homeostasis Free Essays

The Basic Mechanisms of Homeostasis Overview of homeostasis The term homeostasis was first coined by Walter Cannon in 1929 to literally mean ‘steady state’. It describes the dynamic equilibrium by which internal constancy is maintained within set limits by regulation and control. There are many examples of homeostatic control throughout the human body and in other living organisms, such as pH, pressure, and temperature. We will write a custom essay sample on The Basic Mechanisms of Homeostasis or any similar topic only for you Order Now A concept important to homeostasis is the process of feedback circuits; involving a receptor, an effector, and a control centre. A receptor is responsible for detecting a change in the body, while the effector corrects this. The control centre organises these two together to elicit the response. The most common form of control in homeostasis is known as negative feedback, in which an excess or deficit in a homeostatic system triggers its own regulation. The diagram below illustrates this concept in reference to the control of temperature (Figure 1). Figure 1 is a simple representation of a rather complicated process. Here, the several types of negative feedback circuits involved in temperature control have been summarised into one. The hypothalamus is a combined receptor and control centre, both recognising extremes of temperature change, and triggering bodily effectors to correct the changes. Figure 1 shows the responses to a decrease in body temperature, which directs organs to increase metabolism, thus causing shivering. Another effect would be causing hair cells on the skin to force up their hairs, creating a trapped layer of air across the body surface. Such effects should then cause the body temperature to rise to the optimal 37Â °C again, causing feedback to switch the circuit ‘off’. If this does not occur, the circuit will continue to direct effectors to warm the body because the feedback will not be switched ‘off’. Recent research, however has added another dimension to the accepted definition of homeostasis. Scientists studying circadian rhythms (24-hour bodily cycles) have pointed out that the internal environment does not have completely constant ‘normal’ set point. They have found, for example, that he set point for human body temperature varies over a 24 hour cycle, fluctuating between 36Â °C and 37Â °C. As a result of this research, current thinking suggests that while homeostasis controls the ‘minute-by-minute fluctuation in the environment’ , circadian rhythms control the body’s general programming over time. In this essay, we will concentrate on two examples of homeostasis, one that occurs in humans and one which occurs in plants. Firstly, we will discuss the control of blood glucose levels in mammals, and then will look at the role of plant stomata in regulating water loss. Example 1: Control of blood glucose levels The human body has a number of mechanisms in place to regulate the storage and release of molecules for energy. Sometimes, an individual will consume more calories than can be immediately used, so sugars will be stored in the form of glycogen (a polymer of glucose) in liver and muscle cells. Other periods of increased activity may however, require the sudden release of energy, whereby glycogen is initially oxidised from the stores in the liver. Clearly, this is another example of homeostasis and it is outlined in Figure 2. Two enzymatic hormones are utilised by the body to control the interchange of glucose as an energy molecule and glycogen as a storage molecule. The first, insulin, lowers blood glucose levels by promoting its conversion to glycogen. The second, glucagon, increases glucose levels by allowing glycogen to be phosphorylated. Both of these hormones are produced and released by specialised cells in the pancreas known as Islets of Langerhans. Insulin is released from ? -cells, and glucagon is released from ? -cells. Figure 2: Blood glucose control by insulin and glucagon If the blood glucose level is too high, more insulin and less glucagon is released. This causes cells to take in glucose from the blood, while the liver converts glucose to glycogen. During low levels of blood glucose however, glucagon release increases, activating the breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the liver, and glucose is released into the blood. This is a good example of negative feedback control, as the lowering of blood glucose, for example, inhibits further insulin secretion. Importantly, insulin is dependent upon calcium. This is because glucose activates calcium channels. When glucose levels are high, the subsequent release of calcium results in calcium binding to calmodulin. Together, the two molecules promote insulin vesicles to be released from the pancreas. This demonstrates the negative feedback system discussed in the overview. Example 3: Control of water loss by plants Plants need to balance their need to conserve water with their need to photosynthesise energy. Transpiration causes water to be pulled up through the plant passively as water diffuses out through the leaves. These pores are opened and closed by the action of surrounding guard cells, located as illustrated in Figure 3. Figure 3: Drawing of stoma guard cells These guard cells can take on two extremes of conformation; either flaccid, to close the stoma, or turgid, to open the stoma. When guard cells take in water via osmosis, they swell, become turgid, and are forced to bulge outwards into a kidney shape, opening the stoma. They adhere to this shape both because the two cells are attached to each other at either end, and because cellulose microfibrils constrain them. However, if the guard cells lose their water content, they shrink and become flaccid, closing the stoma so that water cannot leave. The opening and closing of the stomata have been shown to be affected by light concentrations. When illuminated, the concentration of solutes in the guard cell vacuoles increases because starch is converted to malic acid, and a proton pump in the plasma membrane is stimulated. The proton pump removes hydrogen ions (H+) from the guard cells, and in response, potassium ions (K+) flow into the cell. Chloride ions (Cl-) also flow into the cell via another pump in response to the H+ concentration difference. The accumulation of these ions and malate in the vacuole of the guards cells is enough to cause the water potential to drop within the guard cells. Water then flows in by osmosis, leading to the turgidity just described and opening the pore. As this opening process occurs in light, exactly the opposite happens at night. As light is lost, channels open to conduct Cl- and K+ out of the guard cells, water is lost, and the cells become flaccid and close. Another stimulus for the closing of stomata is an emergency response to the plant wilting from lack of water. In this case, CO2 concentration increases inside the leaf cells, and alongside the wilting, causes the plant to release the hormone abscisic acid (ABA). This diffuses into guard cells and activates the loss of Cl- and K+, effectively mimicking the night time action of the stomata. Concluding Remarks The idea of homeostasis has been well-developed since it was first identified in the mid-1900s. We have seen in this essay that feedback loops play an important part in homeostatic processes, and that the process is controlled by the action of detector and effector hormones and other molecules activated by control centres. Ongoing research also indicates that innate circadian rhythms affect the processes of homeostasis, causing the optimal set point for internal conditions to vary on a daily basis. Bibliography Alberts, B. , Bray, D. , Lewis, J. , Raff, M. , Roberts, K. , Watson, J. D. (1994). Molecular Biology of the Cell: Third Edition. Garland Publishing, U. S. A. Campbell, N. A. , Reece, J. B. Mitchell, L. G. (1999). Biology: Fifth Edition. Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. U. S. A. Foster, R. Kreitzman, L. (2004). Rhythms of Life: The biological clocks that control the daily lives of every living thing. Profile Books, London. Givens, P. , Reiss, M. , Rowland, M. (1996). Human Biology and Health Studies. Nelson, Surrey. Jurd, R. D. (1997). Instant Notes in Animal Biology. BIOS Scientific Publishers, Oxford. Rost, T. L. , Barbour, M. G. , Stocking, C. R. , Murphy, T. M (1998). Plant Biology. Wadsworth Publishing Company, USA. Van De Graaff, K. M. Fox, S. I. (1999). Concepts of Human Anatomy Physiology. McGraw Hill, USA. Webpage: Physiological ecology: functional responses to environment. Accessed 16/03/2005. http://www. ecology. botany. ufl. edu/. .. /homeostasis. html Webpage: Class Notes (2002). Accessed 17/03/2005. http://www. msu. edu/course/lbs/145/smith/s02/classnotes_032802. html Webpage: No title. Accessed 17/03/2005. http://www. puc. edu/Faculty/Gilbert_Muth/botgloss. htm How to cite The Basic Mechanisms of Homeostasis, Essay examples

Effect on Parents of Children with Mental Health Illness

Question: Discuss about theEffect on Parents of Children with Mental Health Illness. Answer: Introduction Mental illness is a psychological condition that is chronic and should be dealt with appropriately to prevent harm to the society, oneself and to nearby members of the family. Especially, when a child is mentally challenged the problem can be a huge setback for the parents. Mental health disorder among children is a concern for the society and parents both. It is estimated that around 15 million children can be diagnosed with some form of mental health disorder (Organization, Association, Child, Psychiatry, Professions, 2005). Many other may be at risk due to their family, society, community, schools or due to genetic predisposition. Therefore there is a great need of intervention by professionals and parents both so as to enable them to live a life that is close enough to being normal (Kelly, Jorm, Wright, 2007). Dealing with such situation is not easy and parents have to undergo a tremendous amount of pressure and stress. The present study aims to bring about understanding physic al and psychological aspects of parenting a child with mental illness and ways to cope with such conditions so that parents could provide the best to their child. Background Growing children with mental illness, equivocally, have the right to live a normal life like their normal peer. They also need to be given equal opportunities of care and management irrespective of their social and monetary status. Based on the environment and conditions they live, parents of mentally disoriented patients need to undertake a long term commitment towards providing the best care of their child (Williams, Yu, Jackson, Anderson, 1997). This is easier said than done as there are lots of factors that can hamper the management of such children. As for example, situations may arise within the family apart from the social stigma (dosReis, Barksdale, Sherman, Maloney, Charach, 2010), that is inherent in such cases, from the society. Therefore it can be mentally and physically taxing for the parent. Apart from the psychological impact on the parents it can be economically unfavourable for the family to deal with treatment procedures which can even add up to the woes. Taking care of a child with mental illness can be demanding and may occupy most of a parents day to day life. It is an indispensable step to take care of the child suffering from the disease and at the same time the parent should not forget to take care of oneself. Since it will consume most of the time it is wise to prioritize works and challenges that one may face so that the parent does not neglect important aspects of personal life. In a study involving Chinese subjects with children suffering from mental illness it was observed that parents received a significant level of caregiver burden during the management of their childs condition. The burden is further augmented by minimal means available to cope with the burden. If the physical health of the parent and the educational level of the child is good then the coping with caregiver burden seems to be less (Liu, Lambert, Lambert, 2007). The study also indicates need for intervention by nurses to ease the burden on parents. Another very important outcome of a childs mental condition to the parents is of self-blame, grief and social stigmatisation of the self. In a number of studies (Atkinson, 1994; Godress, Ozgul, Owen, Foley-Evans, 2005; MacGregor, 1994) it has been observed that parenting a mentally ill child can cause grief as a result of inability to cope with the situation and of being constantly being reminded of the differently enabled child. However, the severity of grief tends to be normalized over time if the parent-child relationship is good (Godress et al., 2005). The extent of grief and the severity seems to be associated with parents who are psychologically weak and hampered parent-child bonding. Stigma and stigmatization remains one of the major concern for those associated with mentally ill patients. It is often a challenge for clinicians when prescribing psychiatric medications to children as the parents seem to be sceptical over it most of the time which overlooked the effective treatment that is provided (Hinshaw, 2005). This will eventually have a negative effect on the betterment of the concerned child because such parents are most likely to avoid treatment options that are available. In studies carried out on parents with children with mental illness it was estimated that around 45% of the parent feels the doctors have prescribed medications over the actual requirement to their child and another 40% agrees to that to some extent (Pescosolido, Perry, Martin, McLeod, Jensen, 2007). They also felt that long-term medication can cause developmental effects to their child. In the study majority of the parents feel that medication is a way to delay the onset of real problem s and that it blunts the personality of the patient concerned. In similar trend, parents of mentally ill patients feel that treatment procedures of mental illness given to their child will lead to reduced self-confidence of their child and may reduce their grade at school. Moreover, parents are also concerned of people of the community knowing about the treatment their child is undertaking (dosReis et al., 2010). Overall, the scenario represents stigmatization of the self and their children which can have a strong negative effect on the psychological well-being and self-esteem. It is not only psychological aspects that is affected but physical well-being can also deteriorate in the care givers, more so in older parents. The continuous stress and physical as well as psychological demands of mentally ill patient can affect the physiological condition of caregivers and can lead to increased mortality. The burden on the parents can be so severe that it can cause depressive symptoms and a low quality of life. Burden on the parents is in direct proportionality with severity of the mental condition. In a study of parents of school-age children with Asperger syndrome it was found that mothers of such children scored low in physical health than controls and that the female counterpart suffers more than the father of the patients (Allik, Larsson, Smedje, 2006). Although there are various studies on the impact on children with parents suffering from mental illness, there are limited number of studies on the impact of children with mental illness on the parents. The study tries to investigate the factors that can influence parents towards providing best care for a mentally ill child. Research Question Based on the limited numbers of literature available for reference of the study we assume that there must be significant pressure on parents of mentally ill children. The present investigation aims to find out if parenting a child with mental illness is challenging for parents compare to parents of normal children? If the mother suffers more than the father? And, if economic condition and education level can play a role in it? Research Methodology Choosing the correct research methodology will enable us to come to an unbiased conclusion to the research questions. Two of the research methodologies that are used are; quantitative and qualitative. The qualitative research approach employs a more flexible setting than the quantitative research which is always a closed-ended question to the participants. Qualitative research method, on the other hand, is less formal than quantitative and frees the participants to express their views on a given scenario rather than answering it on a scale of 1 to 10 (Abawi, 2008). The present study will employ a mixed approach of both quantitative and qualitative method called the grounded theory (Strauss Corbin, 1994). The grounded theory is an inductive research method to theorize a concept based on observation rather than prove a hypothesis. The present scenario demands an inductive approach and the grounded theory suits best as this approach will enable us a good comparison between groups and a lso find out personal views of the participants to come to a conclusion. The participants will be recruited based on hospital records. At least 100 children suffering from mental illness living with both parents will be selected and another 100 normal children living with both parents will be selected. Parents of both the population should be free of any psychological ailments before and at the time of study. The participants will be made aware of the research before the time of enrolment. Questionnaire with both open ended (qualitative) and closed ended (quantitative) based on a Likert scale will be provided to the participants. The questionnaire will be short and precise and aimed to be completed with minimum pressure for the convenience of the participants as a lengthy questionnaire is less likely to be completed (Fan Yan, 2010). The quantitative data will be analysed statistically by SPSS. Ethical Consideration During the research, it is of moral responsibility for the researcher to protect the participants from any untoward events that may arise from the research. It is the obligation of the researcher to protect the identity of the participants so that the research remains unbiased and a true cause could be ascertained (Beins, 2012). The possible ethical concern that may bias the study is stigmatization (Hinshaw, 2005; Tew et al., 2011)of the participants and hence a strict means of privacy and confidentiality should be maintained. The current investigation will be followed by an informed consent of the participants which will ensure voluntary participation after understanding the purpose of the study and the risks and benefits associated with it. The participants will be detailed about the duration of the study, the purpose, rights to participate or not to participate, the right to confidentiality of the data and the possible impact of the research on the community etc. A signed copy of the consent form from participants will be taken and questionnaire provided. Participants will be asked not to write their name or any identification mark on the questionnaire so that they feel confident to answer. Questionnaires will be provided in sealed envelope and answers collected in the same manner to ensure privacy. Strength and Limitations The use of grounded theory is questioned by many researcher and therefore, an establishment of proper research method to prove the credibility and reproducibility remains essential when utilizing the theory. Any type of research should be reproducible and set as a base model for future research therefore reliability, credibility and reproducibility are of prime concern to a researcher. Since the present method uses a mix of qualitative and quantitative research towards deducing a theory of possible hurdles faced by parents with children suffering from mental illness the methodology is reliable in itself. Although there is always a question of reliability on self-reported data the limitation is neutralized by providing a confidential approach to the participants. The method also employs a comparison of different social strata of participants and will be representative of similar settings that exists elsewhere. As with the informed consent, participants were allowed to withdraw from th e study at will and hence we can rely on the answers provided since participants who felt confident only participated in the study. The strength of the paper lies with the fact that a large number of participants (parents with or without children with mental illness) will be recruited for a good comparison between mental and social status of participants and outcome of care for their children can be estimated. With a good database and analysis method involving SPSS for quantitative analysis, the study will not be only based on stories and emotions told by the participants but a combination of statistical proof and self-report. With the approach the research outcome will be authentic and reliable as well as reproducible in different other settings. The limitation of the study is that it will encompass mental illness as a general term and not specify the type and cause of the illness. This may lead to difference in difficulty met by parents, which, by far may not be possible to normalize in our study. References Abawi, K. (2008). Qualitative and quantitative research. World Health. Allik, H., Larsson, J.-O., Smedje, H. (2006). Health-related quality of life in parents of school-age children with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism. Health and quality of life outcomes, 4(1), 1. Atkinson, S. D. (1994). Grieving and loss in parents with a schizophrenic child. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151(8), 1137-1139. Beins, B. C. (2012). Research methods: A tool for life: Pearson Higher Ed. dosReis, S., Barksdale, C. L., Sherman, A., Maloney, K., Charach, A. (2010). Stigmatizing experiences of parents of children with a new diagnosis of ADHD. Psychiatric Services, 61(8), 811-816. Fan, W., Yan, Z. (2010). Factors affecting response rates of the web survey: A systematic review. Computers in human behavior, 26(2), 132-139. Godress, J., Ozgul, S., Owen, C., Foley-Evans, L. (2005). Grief experiences of parents whose children suffer from mental illness. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 39(1-2), 88-94. Hinshaw, S. P. (2005). The stigmatization of mental illness in children and parents: Developmental issues, family concerns, and research needs. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46(7), 714-734. Kelly, C. M., Jorm, A. F., Wright, A. (2007). Improving mental health literacy as a strategy to facilitate early intervention for mental disorders. Med J Aust, 187(7 Suppl), S26-30. Liu, M., Lambert, C. E., Lambert, V. A. (2007). Caregiver burden and coping patterns of Chinese parents of a child with a mental illness. International journal of mental health nursing, 16(2), 86-95. MacGregor, P. (1994). Grief: The unrecognized parental response to mental illness in a child. Social Work, 39(2), 160-166. Organization, W. H., Association, W. P., Child, I. A. f., Psychiatry, A., Professions, A. (2005). Atlas: child and adolescent mental health resources: global concerns, implications for the future: World Health Organization. Pescosolido, B. A., Perry, B. L., Martin, J. K., McLeod, J. D., Jensen, P. S. (2007). Stigmatizing attitudes and beliefs about treatment and psychiatric medications for children with mental illness. Psychiatric Services. Strauss, A., Corbin, J. (1994). Grounded theory methodology. Handbook of qualitative research, 17, 273-285. Tew, J., Ramon, S., Slade, M., Bird, V., Melton, J., Le Boutillier, C. (2011). Social factors and recovery from mental health difficulties: a review of the evidence. British journal of social work, bcr076. Williams, D. R., Yu, Y., Jackson, J. S., Anderson, N. B. (1997). Racial differences in physical and mental health socio-economic status, stress and discrimination. Journal of health psychology, 2(3), 335-351.